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良性疾病 › 骨髓衰竭

Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)

單純紅血球再生不良
良性疾病 演化視角 ×1 考點 ×1 更新 2026-08-03

概覽

看到就要想到

看到 想到
severe normocytic anemia + reticulocyte 極低 + WBC/plt 正常 PRCA 的整體樣貌
bone marrow erythroblast <0.5% PRCA marrow
giant proerythroblast(giant pronormoblast) parvovirus B19
chronic hemolysis 病人 Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 aplastic crisis(scd、membrane-defects、thalassemia)
immunocompromised + refractory anemia B19 chronic infection——驗 PCR,不驗 serology
thymoma + PRCA(可合併 myasthenia gravis) 成人新診斷 PRCA 必照 chest CT
CD3+ CD8+ CD57+ clonal large granular lymphocyte T-LGL leukemia——常合併 neutropenia
SLE + PRCA autoimmune 型;relapse 很常見
MMF、phenytoin、azathioprine、isoniazid drug-induced
打了 EPO 反而更 anemia anti-EPO antibody(舊配方時代的罕見遺產)
ABO major-mismatched HCT 之後 recipient 殘留 isohemagglutinin 攻擊 donor erythroid progenitor
infancy onset + ribosomal gene defect Diamond-Blackfan(DBA)

診斷


治療

flowchart TD
  A["確診 PRCA"] --> B["找 cause"]
  B --> C{cause}
  C -- "parvovirus B19" --> D["IVIG<br>immunocompromised 者需高 dose<br>並減量 immunosuppressant<br>追蹤 viral DNA 防 relapse"]
  C -- "thymoma" --> E["thymectomy ± immunosuppression"]
  C -- "T-LGL leukemia" --> F["low-dose immunosuppression<br>cyclosporine / MTX / cyclophosphamide"]
  C -- "drug-induced" --> G["停用 suspect drug<br>或換 alternative agent"]
  C -- "anti-EPO antibody" --> H["停用 ESA + immunosuppression"]
  C -- "post-HCT ABO major mismatch" --> I["多半靠時間<br>持續不退再考慮 rituximab"]
  C -- "SLE / autoimmune / idiopathic" --> J["corticosteroid 起始<br>多數需加 immunosuppressant"]
  C -- "Diamond-Blackfan" --> K["corticosteroid 一線<br>chronic transfusion + iron chelation<br>refractory 考慮 HCT"]
  D --> L["transfusion support + 追蹤 reticulocyte 回升"]
  E --> L
  F --> L
  J --> L

病生理


陷阱與考點

  • PRCA = 只有 erythroid lineage 倒:retic 極低、WBC 與 platelet 正常、bone marrow erythroblast <0.5%。
  • 成人新診斷 PRCA 一定要照 chest CT 排除 thymoma。
  • immunocompromised 者驗 parvovirus nucleic acid,不要只驗 serology。3
  • chronic hemolysis + Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 = parvovirus aplastic crisis,多在 2–4 週 self-limited。
  • post-transplant refractory anemia 要想 B19:處置是 IVIG + 減少 immunosuppression;relapse rate 約 17.5%,需追蹤 viral load。1
  • PRCA + neutropenia + CD3+ CD8+ CD57+ clonal LGL = T-LGL leukemia,用 low-dose immunosuppression。
  • autoimmune/SLE-associated PRCA relapse 很常見,多數需要 immunosuppressant 而非只用 corticosteroid;infectious complication 與 transfusion-related iron overload 是主要負擔。2
  • drug-induced 要先翻藥單——azathioprine、MMF、phenytoin、isoniazid;換藥後可能迅速 remission。5
  • anti-EPO antibody 表現為「用了 ESA anemia 反而惡化」,現代配方已罕見。
  • post-HCT ABO major mismatch 的 PRCA 多半靠時間,久拖不退才用 rituximab。
  • Diamond-Blackfan:infancy onset、ribosomopathy、corticosteroid response rate 約 80%,長期需 transfusion + iron chelation,並有 AML/MDS/solid tumor 風險。
  • pregnancy-associated PRCA 產後 remission,但後續 pregnancy 易 relapse。

相關條目:aplastic-anemia、scd、membrane-defects、thalassemia、t-cell、esa、allogeneic-hct、blood-groups

來源

Footnotes

  1. Zhong Q, Zeng J, Lin T, et al. The detection, treatment of parvovirus B19 infection induced anemia in solid organ transplants: a case series and literature review of 194 patients. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 2022. doi:10.1016/j.tracli.2021.12.005 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  2. Lobbes H, Mahévas M, Alviset S, et al. Pure red cell aplasia in systemic lupus erythematosus, a nationwide retrospective cohort and review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keab363 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  3. Algwaiz G, Alharbi A, Alsehaim K, et al. Hematologic manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection. Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy 2023. doi:10.56875/2589-0646.1031 ↩ ↩2

  4. Ma Y, Man J, Niu J, et al. Progress of research on human parvovirus B19 infection after renal transplantation. Transplantation Reviews 2022. doi:10.1016/j.trre.2022.100730 ↩ ↩2

  5. Du L, Liu Y, Zhou Q, et al. Myasthenia gravis complicated by pure red cell aplasia with clonal large granular lymphocytosis in the absence of thymoma: a rare case report and literature review. Frontiers in Immunology 2025. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1367409 ↩ ↩2