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良性疾病 › 止凝血

Anticoagulation Therapy and Reversal

抗凝治療與逆轉
良性疾病 高權重 演化視角 ×1 考點 ×2 更新 2026-08-03

概覽

看到就要想到

看到 想到
Idarucizumab Reverse dabigatran(5 g IV,快速完全)
Andexanet alfa Reverse Xa inhibitor(apixaban、rivaroxaban)
ANNEXA-I Andexanet 的 hemostatic efficacy 優於 usual care,但 thrombotic event 較多
4F-PCC + IV vitamin K Warfarin major bleeding 的 reversal
Mechanical mitral valve、3 個月內 VTE、high-risk atrial fibrillation 少數需要 bridging 的 warfarin patient
Antiphospholipid syndrome 不要用 DOAC(見 apla)
Protein C deficiency 起始 warfarin 未 bridging Skin necrosis
加大 heparin dose aPTT 仍不動 Antithrombin deficiency 或 depletion

Drug selection

什麼時候不能用 DOAC

Initiation 與 cancer-associated thrombosis 的 drug selection 見 vte。


病生理


Reversal


Periprocedural management

flowchart TD
  A["Procedure needed"] --> B{"Which anticoagulant?"}
  B -- DOAC --> C["Per renal function and procedural bleeding risk<br>Hold 1-2 days if low bleeding risk<br>Hold 2-3 days if high bleeding risk"]
  C --> D["No bridging needed<br>DOAC onset and offset are both fast"]
  B -- Warfarin --> E["Stop 5 days before surgery, confirm INR normalization"]
  E --> F{"Very high thrombotic risk?"}
  F -- "Yes: mechanical mitral valve, VTE within 3 months,<br>high-risk atrial fibrillation" --> G["Bridge with LMWH or UFH"]
  F -- No --> H["No bridging"]

陷阱與考點

  • Antiphospholipid syndrome 不用 DOAC。
  • DOAC 不 bridging;warfarin 只有少數 high thrombotic risk 才 bridging。
  • Andexanet hemostasis 較好但 thrombosis 較多——不是無條件優於 PCC。
  • Major bleeding 要 reverse warfarin 時要同時給 PCC 與 IV vitamin K,只給 vitamin K 太慢。
  • Protein C deficiency 起始 warfarin 一定要 bridging(skin necrosis)。
  • UFH 需要 antithrombin 當 cofactor——加量無效時想 antithrombin deficiency 或 depletion(nephrotic syndrome、DIC、L-asparaginase)。
  • 極端 body weight 與 severe renal impairment 下 DOAC 的 efficacy 與 safety 資料有限。
  • Drug selection 與 treatment duration 見 vte;HIT 時的 non-heparin anticoagulation 見 hit。

相關條目:vte、apla、hit、thrombophilia、lab-coag-screen、dic

來源

Footnotes

  1. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline. Chest 2021;160(6):e545–e608. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055 ↩

  2. Kumbhani DJ, Armbruster AL, Cheng RK, et al. Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Thrombotic Events: 2026 ACC Scientific Statement. JACC 2026. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.05.033 ↩

  3. Connolly SJ, Sharma M, Cohen AT, et al. Andexanet for Factor Xa Inhibitor–Associated Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ANNEXA-I). New England Journal of Medicine 2024;390(19):1745–1755. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2313040 ↩

  4. Kumbhani DJ, Cannon CP, Beavers CJ, et al. 2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021;77(5):629–658. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.09.011 ↩