Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| PT/aPTT 延長 + fibrinogen 低 + D-dimer ↑↑ + platelet 低 | DIC |
| Coagulopathy 但 FVIII 正常或升高 | Liver disease(FVIII 不是 hepatocyte 做的) |
| Coagulopathy 且 FV 低 | 偏向 DIC 或 liver disease,非 vitamin K deficiency |
| PT/aPTT 正常 + platelet 極低 + schistocytes 明顯 | TTP/HUS,不是 DIC |
| Faggot cells + DIC | APL——立刻給 ATRA |
| Amniotic fluid embolism、placental abruption | Hyperfibrinolytic 型 DIC |
| Sepsis + PAI-1 升高 | Fibrinolysis 被 suppress 的 thrombotic 型 |
| Pregnancy 病人 fibrinogen「正常」 | baseline 本來就 400–600,相對下降也算 consumption |
Lab pattern
Scoring systems
ISTH overt DIC score:platelet、D-dimer/fibrin-related marker、PT 延長、fibrinogen,四項加總 ≥5 分即為 overt DIC。
2025 ISTH 更新做了三件事:
- 細化 D-dimer 門檻:>3× ULN = 2 分;>7× = 3 分
- 引入 staging framework:pre-DIC → early/subclinical DIC → overt DIC
- 明確區分 thrombotic 與 hemorrhagic phenotype
病生理與 phenotype
三種 phenotype,三個方向
治療
原則:治 underlying cause,blood product 只給會 bleeding 的人
flowchart TD
A["診斷 DIC"] --> B["最優先 處理底下的 underlying cause<br>sepsis obstetric APL trauma malignancy"]
B --> C{"病人正在 bleeding<br>或即將 invasive procedure?"}
C -- "否" --> D["不輸 blood product 修正數字<br>non-bleeding critically ill 者給 prophylactic-dose anticoagulation<br>VTE prophylaxis"]
C -- "是" --> E["依缺什麼補什麼"]
E --> F["PT/aPTT ratio >1.5x 或 fibrinogen <1.5 g/L<br>→ FFP 15-25 mL/kg"]
E --> G["fibrinogen 持續 <1.5 g/L<br>→ cryoprecipitate 或 fibrinogen concentrate"]
E --> H["platelet <50 且 bleeding 或需 procedure → 輸<br>non-bleeding 但高 bleeding risk <20 → 輸"]
E --> I["無法用 FFP 例如 volume overload<br>→ PCC"]
B --> J{"thrombotic 表現為主且 bleeding risk 低?"}
J -- "是" --> K["therapeutic dose heparin"]
Blood product 門檻整理:
- FFP 15–25 mL/kg:正在 bleeding + PT/aPTT ratio >1.5 倍,或 fibrinogen <1.5 g/L
- Cryoprecipitate/fibrinogen concentrate:fibrinogen 持續 <1.5 g/L
- Platelet >50 ×10⁹/L:正在 bleeding 或需 invasive procedure;>20 ×10⁹/L:non-bleeding 但高 bleeding risk
- PCC:FFP 不可行時(例如 volume overload)5
Heparin:只有在 thrombotic 表現為主且 bleeding risk 低時用 therapeutic dose;critically ill、non-bleeding 的 DIC 病人則給 prophylactic dose 做 VTE prophylaxis。
Antithrombin 與 recombinant thrombomodulin:可在特定病人(尤其 sepsis、thrombotic phenotype)考慮,但缺乏能改善 clinical outcome 的穩健 RCT 證據。
陷阱與考點
其他常考點:
- 治數字還是治病人:asymptomatic、non-bleeding、只有 lab abnormality 的病人一般不預防性輸 blood product。把數字「修正」到正常不改善 outcome。
- TIC 不等於 DIC:trauma 早期是 hyperfibrinolysis 的 bleeding phenotype,要給 TXA;sepsis 型 DIC 禁用。混淆這兩者是常見陷阱。
- PT/aPTT 正常 + platelet 極低 + schistocytes → 想 TTP/HUS,不是 DIC(見 ttp、lab-thrombocytopenia)。
- Cirrhosis + PT/aPTT 延長但 FVIII 正常或升高 → 偏向 liver disease 而非 DIC。
相關條目:lab-coag-screen、ttp、apl、lab-thrombocytopenia、anticoagulation
來源
Footnotes
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Iba T, Maier CL, Scarlatescu E, Levy JH. Introducing the New Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Released by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis in 2025. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2025;52(1):10–17. doi:10.1055/a-2675-6068 ↩
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Levi M, Scully M. How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 2018;131(8):845–854. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-10-804096 ↩
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Kiya GT, Abebe G, Mekonnen Z, et al. A comparison of disseminated intravascular coagulation scoring systems and their performance to predict mortality in sepsis patients. PLOS ONE 2025;20(1):e0315797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315797 ↩
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Iba T, Helms J, Neal MD, Levy JH. Mechanisms and management of the coagulopathy of trauma and sepsis: trauma-induced coagulopathy, sepsis-induced coagulopathy, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2023;21(12):3360–3370. doi:10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.028 ↩
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Wada H, Thachil J, Di Nisio M, et al. Guidance for diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation from harmonization of the recommendations from three guidelines. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2013;11(4):761–767. doi:10.1111/jth.12155 ↩