Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA)
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| spherocyte + DAT positive | warm AIHA (wAIHA) |
| spherocyte + DAT negative + family history | hereditary spherocytosis |
| smear 上 RBC agglutination、MCV 假性升高、RBC count 假性偏低 | cold agglutinin disease (CAD) |
| DAT 只有 C3d | CAD(或 IgM 已脫落的 wAIHA) |
| cold agglutinin titer ≥64 + thermal amplitude 超過 room temperature | clinically significant cold agglutinin |
| Donath-Landsteiner biphasic hemolysin | paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia 或 EBV infection 後 hemolysis | secondary cold agglutinin |
| AIHA + immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)(± autoimmune neutropenia) | Evans syndrome → 找 CLL/SLE/CVID/ALPS |
| Fludarabine 用於 CLL 後 hemolysis | drug/disease-associated AIHA |
Lab pattern
病生理
Warm 與 cold,是 antibody class 與 working temperature 的差別
- Warm AIHA:IgG 在 body temperature(37°C)binding RBC → splenic macrophage 的 FcγR 辨識 → partial phagocytosis → extravascular hemolysis。
- Cold agglutinin disease:IgM 在四肢末梢的低溫(通常 28–31°C)binding RBC → 強力活化 classical complement pathway → 回到 body temperature 時 IgM 脫落,但 complement 已經蓋章 → 帶著 C3b 的 RBC 被 liver 的 macrophage 清除;complement 走到底時則是 intravascular hemolysis。
診斷
DAT negative 不能排除 AIHA
Secondary cause——叫它「primary」之前要排掉的
| 類別 | 代表 | 最好用的單一檢查 |
|---|---|---|
| Lymphoproliferative | CLL、NHL、HL | Peripheral blood flow cytometry(有 lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly/weight loss 則加 bone marrow 與 imaging) |
| Autoimmune | SLE、scleroderma、RA | ANA 等 autoimmune panel |
| Infection | HIV、virus(尤其 pediatric)、babesiosis(post-splenectomy) | Viral serology;asplenic 者驗 babesia smear/PCR |
| Drug | Penicillin、cephalosporin、fludarabine(用於 CLL 時)、immune checkpoint inhibitor | 詳細 medication history 與時序關聯 |
| Immunodeficiency | CVID、ALPS(FAS/FASL/CASP10) | Quantitative immunoglobulin;疑似 ALPS 做 genetic testing |
| Post-transplant | allo-HCT、solid organ transplant | Transplant history |
| Monoclonal protein | CAD 底下的 B-cell clone | SPEP + quantitative immunoglobulin(所有 AIHA 都該做) |
治療
Warm AIHA
flowchart TD
A["Warm AIHA"] --> B["prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day<br>60-100 mg/day"]
B --> B2{"Severe? Hb<8 or IgA/mixed type<br>/DAT-negative/Evans"}
B2 -- 是 --> C["Add rituximab upfront"]
B2 -- 否 --> D["Taper from week 2-3<br>down to 7.5-10 mg/day over 3-6 months<br>then discontinue"]
C --> D
D --> E{"Corticosteroid failure or relapse?"}
E -- 是 --> F["2nd line: rituximab<br>375 mg/m2 x4 or 1000 mg x2<br>low-dose 100 mg x4 equally effective"]
F --> G{"Failure again?"}
G -- 是 --> H["Splenectomy<br>~70% response but >25% relapse within 1 year<br>infection and thrombosis risk"]
H --> I["3rd line: azathioprine, cyclophosphamide,<br>cyclosporine, MMF, bortezomib<br>last resort alemtuzumab / HCT"]
A --> J["Emergency: IV methylprednisolone<br>IVIG / plasma exchange / C1 inhibition"]
數字要記的部分:corticosteroid initial response rate 約 80%,但一年時只有 30–40% 維持 remission——所以「有 response」不等於「治好了」。Rituximab second-line response rate 70–80%,但三年內約 30% relapse。
Cold agglutinin disease
非藥物但最重要的一件事:keep warm。包括環境、四肢,以及 transfusion 時要 warmed。
Follow-up 與 complications
- Warm AIHA 長期以 corticosteroid 維持者要顧 bone health、blood glucose、infection prophylaxis
- Splenectomy 後要打 vaccine、終生注意 encapsulated organism 與 babesiosis(見 infection-prophylaxis)
- Secondary to CLL 者:先治 autoimmune 部分,CLL-directed therapy 是 second line(見 cll)
- CAD 有 thrombosis risk,且與 lymphoproliferative disorder 的長期演變有關
陷阱與考點
- 有臨床需要就 transfusion。 Pan-reactive autoantibody 會讓所有 unit 都 incompatible,這不是不輸的理由——用least incompatible unit,同時讓 blood bank 繼續釐清底下有沒有 alloantibody。為了等「fully compatible」而延誤有 hemodynamic significance 的 anemia,是常見的錯誤。
- CAD 不用 corticosteroid、不 splenectomy。
- DAT negative 不排除 AIHA——做 monospecific DAT,並先排除 PNH。
- C3d-only 不一定是 CAD——可能是 warm-reactive IgM 脫落,要用 cold agglutinin titer 與 thermal amplitude 分辨。
- Second line 是 rituximab 而非 splenectomy。
- 所有 AIHA 都該做 SPEP 與 flow cytometry 找底下的 clone。
- Evans syndrome 一定要往下找 CLL/SLE/CVID/ALPS。
- CAD transfusion 要 warmed,smear 上的 agglutination 會讓 MCV 假性升高、RBC count 假性偏低。
來源
Footnotes
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Michel M, Crickx E, Fattizzo B, Barcellini W. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2024;10(1):82. doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00566-2 ↩
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Berentsen S, Barcellini W. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;385(15):1407–1419. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2033982 ↩
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Barcellini W, Fattizzo B. Management of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematology (ASH Education Program) 2025;2025(1):305–311. doi:10.1182/hematology.2025000719 ↩
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Berentsen S. How I treat cold agglutinin disease. Blood 2021;137(10):1295–1303. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003809 ↩
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Fattizzo B, Miyakawa Y, Broome C. Sutimlimab vs B-cell–targeted therapy in cold agglutinin disease: which is the optimal approach? Blood 2026;147(26):3135–3143. doi:10.1182/blood.2026033150 ↩