跨領域 › 輸血醫學
Alloimmunization (RBC, HLA & Platelet)
同種免疫致敏
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| Transfusion 後 3–14 天 Hb 下降+jaundice+DAT(+) | DHTR——Kidd、Duffy、Kell、Rh |
| anti-Jkᵃ/anti-Jkᵇ(Kidd) | DHTR 的經典元兇——titer 會褪色,re-exposure 時 anamnestic response |
| anti-K(Kell) | Chronic transfusion 的 SCD 常見;可造成嚴重 HDFN |
| anti-D 在 Rh-negative pregnancy | HDFN——RhoGAM 可預防 |
| Kleihauer-Betke 或 fetal cell flow cytometry | 定量 fetomaternal hemorrhage,決定 RhoGAM 追加 dose |
| anti-D titer ≥1:16 | HDFN 高風險 → MCA peak systolic velocity 追蹤+必要時 intrauterine transfusion |
| anti-Lewis | Cold-reactive、臨床上通常沒有意義——不必找 antigen-negative RBC |
| Platelet 輸完不漲 | Platelet refractoriness——先算 CCI,再分 immune/non-immune |
| PRA(panel reactive antibody) | HLA antibody 的廣度 |
| HLA class I-matched platelets | Immune platelet refractoriness 的處置 |
| anti-HPA | NAIT(neonate)與 PTP(post-transfusion purpura) |
| Polyagglutination(T/Tn antigen exposure) | 兒童 pneumococcal HUS → 用 washed RBC,避開含 anti-T 的 plasma |
| DSA(donor-specific antibody) | Transplantation 前的 HLA antibody → graft rejection/engraftment failure |
| Daratumumab panagglutination | 干擾 antibody screen → DTT 處理 reagent RBC;第一劑前先 T&S |
診斷與 triage
處置與 prophylaxis
flowchart TD
A["Suspected alloimmunization"] --> B["Antibody screen and identification"]
B --> C{"Which pathway"}
C -- "RBC alloantibody" --> D["Identify the antigen<br>Antigen-negative RBC thereafter<br>Lifelong record carried across hospitals"]
C -- "Anti-D risk in Rh-negative pregnancy" --> E["RhoGAM at 28 weeks and within 72 h postpartum<br>Extra dose after sensitizing events<br>Kleihauer-Betke quantifies the dose"]
C -- "Established DHTR" --> F["Supportive care<br>Monitor renal function and hemolysis<br>Antigen-negative RBC thereafter"]
C -- "HDFN risk in a sensitized pregnancy" --> G["Follow titer and MCA peak systolic velocity<br>Intrauterine transfusion if severe<br>Phototherapy or exchange transfusion after birth"]
C -- "Platelet refractoriness" --> H["Calculate CCI first"]
H --> I{"Immune or non-immune"}
I -- "Non-immune" --> J["Treat sepsis DIC splenomegaly or stop suspect drugs<br>Use ABO-identical platelets"]
I -- "Immune" --> K["Test HLA antibody PRA and anti-HPA<br>Switch to HLA-matched or HPA-matched platelets"]
A --> L["Prevention first<br>Phenotype-match full Rh plus Kell in chronically transfused patients<br>Universal leukoreduction"]
病生理
陷阱與考點
- RhoGAM 的時機:28 週+產後 72 小時內(嬰兒 Rh-positive 時),以及任何 sensitizing event(amniocentesis、miscarriage、placental abruption、trauma、Rh-incompatible transfusion)之後。Kleihauer-Betke 定量 fetomaternal hemorrhage 以決定追加 dose。
- Kidd antibody(anti-Jkᵃ/anti-Jkᵇ)是 DHTR 的經典:titer 會掉到驗不出來,re-exposure 時 anamnestic response,transfusion 後 3–14 天 hemolysis。
- SCD/thalassemia chronic transfusion:至少配 Rh 全套(D、C、c、E、e)+Kell,理想上再加 Kidd、Duffy、S/s——alloimmunization rate 約 30% → <5%。
- Platelet refractoriness 的順序:① 算 CCI(1 小時 <2.5–7.5)→ ② 排除 non-immune(DIC、sepsis、splenomegaly、drugs、fever、bleeding)→ ③ 驗 HLA antibody(PRA),必要時 anti-HPA → ④ matched platelets。
- HLA class I antibody 最常見——配 HLA-A、-B。
- anti-HPA 造成 NAIT(neonate)與 PTP(post-transfusion purpura);NAIT 用 IVIG ± antenatal corticosteroid。
- anti-Lewis 通常是 cold-reactive、無臨床意義——不必找 antigen-negative RBC。
- 有臨床意義的 alloantibody 要終身建檔並跨院攜帶——titer 會褪色,memory 不會。
- Polyagglutination(T/Tn antigen exposure):兒童 pneumococcal HUS → 用 washed RBC,避開含 anti-T 的 plasma。
- Daratumumab 干擾 antibody screen(panagglutination)→ DTT 處理 reagent RBC;第一劑之前務必先建檔 T&S。
- Leukoreduction 是降低 HLA alloimmunization 最有效的手段;pathogen reduction technology 無此效果。
- 等待 transplantation 者要少 transfuse、用 leukoreduced 血品——避免產生 DSA 導致 graft rejection 或 engraftment failure。
相關條目:reactions、blood-groups、products、apheresis、scd、thalassemia、allogeneic-hct、multiple-myeloma、itp
來源
Footnotes
-
Pirenne F, Floch A, Habibi A. How to avoid the problem of erythrocyte alloimmunization in sickle cell disease. Hematology (ASH Education Program) 2021. doi:10.1182/hematology.2021000306 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5
-
Nahirniak S, Nadarajan V, Stanworth SJ. How I treat patients who are refractory to platelet transfusions. Blood 2025. doi:10.1182/blood.2023022883 ↩
-
Panch SR, Guo L, Vassallo R. Platelet transfusion refractoriness due to HLA alloimmunization: Evolving paradigms in mechanisms and management. Blood Reviews 2023. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2023.101135 ↩ ↩2