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Alloimmunization (RBC, HLA & Platelet)

同種免疫致敏
跨領域 演化視角 ×1 考點 ×1 更新 2026-08-03

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Transfusion 後 3–14 天 Hb 下降+jaundice+DAT(+) DHTR——Kidd、Duffy、Kell、Rh
anti-Jkᵃ/anti-Jkᵇ(Kidd) DHTR 的經典元兇——titer 會褪色,re-exposure 時 anamnestic response
anti-K(Kell) Chronic transfusion 的 SCD 常見;可造成嚴重 HDFN
anti-D 在 Rh-negative pregnancy HDFN——RhoGAM 可預防
Kleihauer-Betke 或 fetal cell flow cytometry 定量 fetomaternal hemorrhage,決定 RhoGAM 追加 dose
anti-D titer ≥1:16 HDFN 高風險 → MCA peak systolic velocity 追蹤+必要時 intrauterine transfusion
anti-Lewis Cold-reactive、臨床上通常沒有意義——不必找 antigen-negative RBC
Platelet 輸完不漲 Platelet refractoriness——先算 CCI,再分 immune/non-immune
PRA(panel reactive antibody) HLA antibody 的廣度
HLA class I-matched platelets Immune platelet refractoriness 的處置
anti-HPA NAIT(neonate)與 PTP(post-transfusion purpura)
Polyagglutination(T/Tn antigen exposure) 兒童 pneumococcal HUS → 用 washed RBC,避開含 anti-T 的 plasma
DSA(donor-specific antibody) Transplantation 前的 HLA antibody → graft rejection/engraftment failure
Daratumumab panagglutination 干擾 antibody screen → DTT 處理 reagent RBC;第一劑前先 T&S

診斷與 triage


處置與 prophylaxis

flowchart TD
  A["Suspected alloimmunization"] --> B["Antibody screen and identification"]
  B --> C{"Which pathway"}
  C -- "RBC alloantibody" --> D["Identify the antigen<br>Antigen-negative RBC thereafter<br>Lifelong record carried across hospitals"]
  C -- "Anti-D risk in Rh-negative pregnancy" --> E["RhoGAM at 28 weeks and within 72 h postpartum<br>Extra dose after sensitizing events<br>Kleihauer-Betke quantifies the dose"]
  C -- "Established DHTR" --> F["Supportive care<br>Monitor renal function and hemolysis<br>Antigen-negative RBC thereafter"]
  C -- "HDFN risk in a sensitized pregnancy" --> G["Follow titer and MCA peak systolic velocity<br>Intrauterine transfusion if severe<br>Phototherapy or exchange transfusion after birth"]
  C -- "Platelet refractoriness" --> H["Calculate CCI first"]
  H --> I{"Immune or non-immune"}
  I -- "Non-immune" --> J["Treat sepsis DIC splenomegaly or stop suspect drugs<br>Use ABO-identical platelets"]
  I -- "Immune" --> K["Test HLA antibody PRA and anti-HPA<br>Switch to HLA-matched or HPA-matched platelets"]
  A --> L["Prevention first<br>Phenotype-match full Rh plus Kell in chronically transfused patients<br>Universal leukoreduction"]

病生理


陷阱與考點

  • RhoGAM 的時機:28 週+產後 72 小時內(嬰兒 Rh-positive 時),以及任何 sensitizing event(amniocentesis、miscarriage、placental abruption、trauma、Rh-incompatible transfusion)之後。Kleihauer-Betke 定量 fetomaternal hemorrhage 以決定追加 dose。
  • Kidd antibody(anti-Jkᵃ/anti-Jkᵇ)是 DHTR 的經典:titer 會掉到驗不出來,re-exposure 時 anamnestic response,transfusion 後 3–14 天 hemolysis。
  • SCD/thalassemia chronic transfusion:至少配 Rh 全套(D、C、c、E、e)+Kell,理想上再加 Kidd、Duffy、S/s——alloimmunization rate 約 30% → <5%。
  • Platelet refractoriness 的順序:① 算 CCI(1 小時 <2.5–7.5)→ ② 排除 non-immune(DIC、sepsis、splenomegaly、drugs、fever、bleeding)→ ③ 驗 HLA antibody(PRA),必要時 anti-HPA → ④ matched platelets。
  • HLA class I antibody 最常見——配 HLA-A、-B。
  • anti-HPA 造成 NAIT(neonate)與 PTP(post-transfusion purpura);NAIT 用 IVIG ± antenatal corticosteroid。
  • anti-Lewis 通常是 cold-reactive、無臨床意義——不必找 antigen-negative RBC。
  • 有臨床意義的 alloantibody 要終身建檔並跨院攜帶——titer 會褪色,memory 不會。
  • Polyagglutination(T/Tn antigen exposure):兒童 pneumococcal HUS → 用 washed RBC,避開含 anti-T 的 plasma。
  • Daratumumab 干擾 antibody screen(panagglutination)→ DTT 處理 reagent RBC;第一劑之前務必先建檔 T&S。
  • Leukoreduction 是降低 HLA alloimmunization 最有效的手段;pathogen reduction technology 無此效果。
  • 等待 transplantation 者要少 transfuse、用 leukoreduced 血品——避免產生 DSA 導致 graft rejection 或 engraftment failure。

相關條目:reactions、blood-groups、products、apheresis、scd、thalassemia、allogeneic-hct、multiple-myeloma、itp

來源

Footnotes

  1. Pirenne F, Floch A, Habibi A. How to avoid the problem of erythrocyte alloimmunization in sickle cell disease. Hematology (ASH Education Program) 2021. doi:10.1182/hematology.2021000306 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5

  2. Nahirniak S, Nadarajan V, Stanworth SJ. How I treat patients who are refractory to platelet transfusions. Blood 2025. doi:10.1182/blood.2023022883 ↩

  3. Panch SR, Guo L, Vassallo R. Platelet transfusion refractoriness due to HLA alloimmunization: Evolving paradigms in mechanisms and management. Blood Reviews 2023. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2023.101135 ↩ ↩2