Sideroblastic Anemia
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| Prussian blue 染出 perinuclear 一圈 iron granule | ring sideroblast——iron 在 mitochondria |
| serum iron↑ + ferritin↑ + TSAT↑ + anemia | sideroblastic(對照 iron-deficiency 全部低) |
| dimorphic 血球分布、MCV 可小可大 | sideroblastic 的整體樣貌 |
| X-linked、ALAS2 mutation | congenital;pyridoxine-responsive |
| SF3B1 mutation | MDS with SF3B1 mutation(舊稱 MDS-RS)——lower-risk MDS |
| SF3B1 + platelet ≥450 ×10⁹/L + large atypical megakaryocyte | MDS/MPN-RS-T(overlap syndrome) |
| basophilic stippling + abdominal pain + wrist drop | lead poisoning |
| Isoniazid 沒有併開 B6 | reversible sideroblastic + peripheral neuropathy |
| bariatric surgery 後/zinc 過量/缺 copper 的 parenteral nutrition | copper deficiency——sideroblast + neutropenia + myelopathy |
| chronic alcohol、chloramphenicol | reversible 的 acquired non-clonal |
| Luspatercept | TGF-β superfamily 的 soluble receptor decoy;改善 ineffective erythropoiesis |
診斷與 subtyping
治療
flowchart TD
A["確認 ring sideroblast"] --> B{"分型"}
B -- "congenital / X-linked ALAS2" --> C["Pyridoxine(B6)trial<br>responder 常很戲劇性"]
B -- "SF3B1 mutation / MDS-RS" --> D{"EPO level"}
D -- "<500 U/L" --> E["Luspatercept 優先<br>COMMANDS 優於 epoetin alfa"]
D -- "≥500 U/L 或治療失敗" --> F["依 MDS risk stratification 處置<br>見 mds"]
B -- "lead poisoning" --> G["移除 exposure + 依 level chelation"]
B -- "isoniazid / alcohol / chloramphenicol" --> H["停藥或戒酒<br>INH 併開 pyridoxine"]
B -- "copper deficiency" --> I["補 copper + 移除 zinc 來源<br>hematologic 可完全恢復<br>neurologic 常只部分恢復"]
C --> J["長期監測 iron overload<br>必要時 iron chelation"]
E --> J
I --> J
病生理
陷阱與考點
- serum iron 高 + ferritin 高 + TSAT 高 + anemia = sideroblastic,不是 iron deficiency;不要補 iron。
- 診斷靠 bone marrow Prussian blue iron stain——沒有其他替代方法。
- ≥15% ring sideroblast;若有 SF3B1 mutation 則 ≥5% 即可。3
- WHO 已把 MDS-RS 改稱 MDS with SF3B1 mutation;SF3B1 見於 ≥80% 的 MDS-RS-SLD 與 MDS/MPN-RS-T。32
- MDS/MPN-RS-T = MDS-RS 特徵 + platelet ≥450 ×10⁹/L + large atypical megakaryocyte,約半數帶 JAK2 V617F;prognosis 優於 MDS-RS-SLD。3
- COMMANDS:lower-risk、transfusion-dependent、ESA-naive 的 MDS,luspatercept 優於 epoetin alfa;SF3B1/ring sideroblast(+) 且 EPO <500 U/L 是最佳族群。4
- congenital 型(尤其 X-linked ALAS2)一定要試 pyridoxine。
- 開 isoniazid 就要併開 pyridoxine——同時預防 sideroblast 與 neuropathy。
- copper deficiency 是 reversible 但常被漏診的 MDS 模仿者:sideroblast + neutropenia + myelopathy;查 copper 與 ceruloplasmin,並找 zinc exposure。5
- 長期 zinc 治療(如 Wilson disease)多年後可導致 copper deficiency;血球可矯正、neurologic symptom 常殘留。6
- lead poisoning:basophilic stippling + abdominal pain + wrist drop + 行為改變。
- chronic sideroblastic 幾乎必然 iron overload——監測 ferritin 與 liver iron,必要時 iron chelation(見 iron-chelation)。
相關條目:iron-deficiency、mds、cmml、iron-chelation、lab-anemia-mcv、thalassemia、esa、b12-deficiency
來源
Footnotes
-
Rodriguez-Sevilla JJ, Calvo X, Arenillas L. Causes and pathophysiology of acquired sideroblastic anemia. Genes 2022. doi:10.3390/genes13091562 ↩ ↩2
-
Bruzzese A, Vigna E, Martino EA, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts. Hematological Oncology 2023. doi:10.1002/hon.3125 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4
-
Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. Myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS) and MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasm with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN-RS-T): 2021 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. American Journal of Hematology 2021. doi:10.1002/ajh.26090 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5
-
Platzbecker U, Della Porta MG, Santini V, et al. Efficacy and safety of luspatercept versus epoetin alfa in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-naive, transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (COMMANDS): interim analysis of a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2023. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00874-7 ↩ ↩2 ↩3
-
Tahir N, Ashraf A, Waqar SHB, et al. Copper deficiency, a rare but correctable cause of pancytopenia: a review of literature. Expert Review of Hematology 2022. doi:10.1080/17474086.2022.2142113 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4
-
Chevalier K, Obadia MA, Djebrani-Oussedik N, et al. Can patients with Wilson's disease develop copper deficiency? Movement Disorders Clinical Practice 2023. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13813 ↩ ↩2 ↩3