惡性疾病 › 漿細胞疾病
AL (Light-Chain) Amyloidosis
AL 型類澱粉沉積症
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| periorbital purpura(raccoon eyes)+ macroglossia | 幾乎 diagnostic 的 AL |
| nephrotic-range proteinuria、bland urine sediment | renal involvement |
| ECG low voltage + echocardiography wall thickening | cardiac involvement 的違和感(voltage–mass mismatch) |
| carpal tunnel syndrome + autonomic dysfunction + early satiety | multiorgan involvement |
| Factor X deficiency | amyloid deposition 把 factor X 吸附走 → bleeding tendency |
| Congo red apple-green birefringence | 證明有 amyloid——但不 typing |
| mass spectrometry/IHC typing | 確認是 AL(對照 ATTR、AA) |
| NT-proBNP + troponin | Mayo cardiac staging,驅動 prognosis 與 treatment intensity |
| dFLC(involved − uninvolved) | hematologic response 的判定基礎 |
| t(11;14) | AL 常見;relapse 時考慮 venetoclax |
診斷
治療
flowchart TD
A["Confirmed AL + typing done"] --> B["NT-proBNP + troponin cardiac staging"]
B --> C{"Highest stage<br>NT-proBNP very high?"}
C -- 是 --> D["Reduced-intensity daratumumab-based regimen<br>auto-HCT excluded<br>cardiology co-management"]
C -- 否 --> E{"auto-HCT eligible?"}
E -- 是 --> F["D-CyBorD induction<br>then auto-HCT consolidation"]
E -- 否 --> G["D-CyBorD continuous therapy"]
F --> H["Hematologic response<br>target involved FLC <20 mg/L"]
G --> H
H --> I{"Response deep enough<br>and fast enough?"}
I -- "no PR after 2 cycles<br>or no VGPR after 4 cycles" --> J["Switch or intensify regimen"]
I -- 夠深 --> K["Follow organ response<br>NT-proBNP / eGFR / alk phos"]
病生理
陷阱與考點
- periorbital purpura+macroglossia = AL,直到證明不是。
- cardiac involvement 決定 prognosis——NT-proBNP + troponin staging 驅動 treatment intensity。
- 最高 cardiac stage 排除 auto-HCT,改用 reduced-intensity、daratumumab-based regimen,並讓 cardiology 一起顧。
- typing 是必做的——ATTR(尤其 wild-type)可與 MGUS 併存,不 typing 就會治錯。
- Congo red 只證明有 amyloid,不告訴你是哪一種。
- Factor X deficiency 造成不明原因 bleeding——mechanism 是 deposit adsorption。
- t(11;14) 在 AL 常見 → relapse 時考慮 venetoclax。
- 治療要溫和:病人很 frail,bortezomib 與 immunomodulator 可能惡化 heart failure 與 autonomic symptom;dexamethasone 會造成 fluid retention,傾向 low dose。
- hematologic response 早於 organ response 好幾個月——不要太快換藥;但response 不夠深要果斷換(2 個 cycle 沒 PR、4 個 cycle 或 auto-HCT 後沒 VGPR)。
- auto-HCT 的 mortality 明顯高於 MM,選人要非常謹慎。
- light-chain MGUS 出現任何 organ symptom 就要篩 AL(見 mgus-smoldering)。
相關條目:multiple-myeloma、mgus-smoldering、waldenstrom、poems、autologous-hct、lab-coag-screen
來源
Footnotes
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Palladini G, Milani P. Diagnosis and Treatment of AL Amyloidosis. Drugs 2023. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01830-z ↩ ↩2
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Tan M, Chen Y, Ooi M, et al. AL amyloidosis: Singapore Myeloma Study Group consensus guidelines on diagnosis, treatment and management. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2023. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2023101 ↩ ↩2 ↩3
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Ioannou A. Recent developments in systemic light-chain amyloidosis prognosis and treatment. Future Cardiology 2025. doi:10.1080/14796678.2025.2529701 ↩ ↩2 ↩3