Hereditary RBC Membrane Defects
概覽
看到就要想到
| 看到 | 想到 |
|---|---|
| Spherocyte + DAT(−) | HS(DAT(+) → warm aiha) |
| MCHC↑ + RDW↑ | HS 的檢驗指紋 |
| EMA flow fluorescence 下降 | HS 的 confirmatory test(結合 band 3) |
| Osmotic fragility 上升 | 老派檢查;合併 iron deficiency 時可 false negative |
| Vertical defect(ankyrin、spectrin、band 3、protein 4.2) | HS |
| Horizontal defect(spectrin self-association、protein 4.1) | HE/HPP |
| Pigment gallstone | Chronic hemolysis 的併發症 |
| Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 | Parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis(見 prca) |
| HPP(hereditary pyropoikilocytosis) | HE 的重症 variant;neonatal 期怪異的 poikilocyte |
| Southeast Asian ovalocytosis(SAO) | Band 3 deletion;多半 asymptomatic、malaria resistance |
| Xerocytosis(dehydrated stomatocytosis,PIEZO1) | Hemolysis + thrombosis risk;splenectomy contraindicated |
| Stomatocytosis(RhAG、PIEZO1、KCNN4) | Phenotype 變異大 |
診斷
治療
flowchart TD
A["確診 membrane defect"] --> B["Folate 1 mg daily<br>chronic hemolysis 的基本盤"]
B --> C{"哪一種"}
C -- "Xerocytosis / PIEZO1" --> D["絕對不可 splenectomy<br>加重 thrombosis risk"]
C -- "HE mild / SAO" --> E["多半不需治療<br>追蹤即可"]
C -- "HS" --> F{"Severity"}
F -- "Well compensated" --> G["觀察 + folate<br>不急著開刀"]
F -- "Moderate + gallstone/cholecystitis" --> H["考慮 splenectomy<br>可合併 cholecystectomy"]
F -- "Severe transfusion-dependent" --> I["延到 5-6 歲後 splenectomy<br>幼童可考慮 partial splenectomy"]
H --> J["術前兩週 vaccination<br>pneumococcal + meningococcal ACWY 與 B + Hib"]
I --> J
J --> K["終生 infection prophylaxis<br>兒童 penicillin prophylaxis<br>fever 一律積極查"]
G --> L{"Parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis?"}
H --> L
L -- "Yes" --> M["Supportive transfusion<br>2-4 週 self-limited"]
病生理
陷阱與考點
- Spherocyte + DAT(−) = HS;DAT(+) = warm aiha。
- HS = vertical defect(spherocyte);HE/HPP = horizontal defect(elliptocyte)。1
- MCHC 升高對 HS 相當有提示性;確診用 EMA flow。
- Osmotic fragility 在合併 iron deficiency 或 jaundice 時可 false negative;concurrent blood loss、nutrient deficiency、alloimmunization、另一種 hemolytic disease 都會混淆診斷。2
- Neonatal RBC morphology 本來就特殊,neonatal 期診斷困難,molecular testing(NGS)角色越來越大。3
- Well-compensated 的 HS/HE 可以只追蹤,不必開刀。1
- Splenectomy 延到 5–6 歲後;幼童可考慮 partial splenectomy 保留 immune function。
- 術前兩週 vaccination(pneumococcal、meningococcal ACWY 與 B、Hib),兒童加 penicillin prophylaxis,終生對 fever 積極查。
- Splenectomy 後 smear 上 spherocyte 仍在——療效看 Hb 與 reticulocyte。
- Hereditary xerocytosis(PIEZO1)splenectomy 是 contraindication——會加重 thrombosis、pulmonary hypertension 與 splanchnic vein thrombosis。
- SAO(band 3 deletion)多半 asymptomatic 且 malaria-resistant。
- Pigment gallstone 常見——有症狀時可與 splenectomy 併刀。
- Chronic hemolysis 每日補 folate;Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 → parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis,2–4 週 self-limited。
相關條目:aiha、g6pd、prca、scd、thalassemia、pnh、infection-prophylaxis、lab-anemia-mcv
來源
Footnotes
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Shih YH, Huang YC, Lin CY, et al. A large family of hereditary spherocytosis and a rare case of hereditary elliptocytosis with a novel SPTA1 mutation underdiagnosed in Taiwan: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032708 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6
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Fattizzo B, Giannotta JA, Cecchi N, et al. Confounding factors in the diagnosis and clinical course of rare congenital hemolytic anemias. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021. doi:10.1186/s13023-021-02036-4 ↩ ↩2 ↩3
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Shirani Asl V, Tamaddon G. Red blood cell disorders in newborns: bridging traditional and modern diagnostics. Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 2025. doi:10.1080/15513815.2025.2503178 ↩ ↩2