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Hereditary RBC Membrane Defects

遺傳性紅血球膜缺陷
良性疾病 演化視角 ×1 考點 ×1 更新 2026-08-03

概覽

看到就要想到

看到 想到
Spherocyte + DAT(−) HS(DAT(+) → warm aiha)
MCHC↑ + RDW↑ HS 的檢驗指紋
EMA flow fluorescence 下降 HS 的 confirmatory test(結合 band 3)
Osmotic fragility 上升 老派檢查;合併 iron deficiency 時可 false negative
Vertical defect(ankyrin、spectrin、band 3、protein 4.2) HS
Horizontal defect(spectrin self-association、protein 4.1) HE/HPP
Pigment gallstone Chronic hemolysis 的併發症
Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 Parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis(見 prca)
HPP(hereditary pyropoikilocytosis) HE 的重症 variant;neonatal 期怪異的 poikilocyte
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis(SAO) Band 3 deletion;多半 asymptomatic、malaria resistance
Xerocytosis(dehydrated stomatocytosis,PIEZO1) Hemolysis + thrombosis risk;splenectomy contraindicated
Stomatocytosis(RhAG、PIEZO1、KCNN4) Phenotype 變異大

診斷


治療

flowchart TD
  A["確診 membrane defect"] --> B["Folate 1 mg daily<br>chronic hemolysis 的基本盤"]
  B --> C{"哪一種"}
  C -- "Xerocytosis / PIEZO1" --> D["絕對不可 splenectomy<br>加重 thrombosis risk"]
  C -- "HE mild / SAO" --> E["多半不需治療<br>追蹤即可"]
  C -- "HS" --> F{"Severity"}
  F -- "Well compensated" --> G["觀察 + folate<br>不急著開刀"]
  F -- "Moderate + gallstone/cholecystitis" --> H["考慮 splenectomy<br>可合併 cholecystectomy"]
  F -- "Severe transfusion-dependent" --> I["延到 5-6 歲後 splenectomy<br>幼童可考慮 partial splenectomy"]
  H --> J["術前兩週 vaccination<br>pneumococcal + meningococcal ACWY 與 B + Hib"]
  I --> J
  J --> K["終生 infection prophylaxis<br>兒童 penicillin prophylaxis<br>fever 一律積極查"]
  G --> L{"Parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis?"}
  H --> L
  L -- "Yes" --> M["Supportive transfusion<br>2-4 週 self-limited"]

病生理


陷阱與考點

  • Spherocyte + DAT(−) = HS;DAT(+) = warm aiha。
  • HS = vertical defect(spherocyte);HE/HPP = horizontal defect(elliptocyte)。1
  • MCHC 升高對 HS 相當有提示性;確診用 EMA flow。
  • Osmotic fragility 在合併 iron deficiency 或 jaundice 時可 false negative;concurrent blood loss、nutrient deficiency、alloimmunization、另一種 hemolytic disease 都會混淆診斷。2
  • Neonatal RBC morphology 本來就特殊,neonatal 期診斷困難,molecular testing(NGS)角色越來越大。3
  • Well-compensated 的 HS/HE 可以只追蹤,不必開刀。1
  • Splenectomy 延到 5–6 歲後;幼童可考慮 partial splenectomy 保留 immune function。
  • 術前兩週 vaccination(pneumococcal、meningococcal ACWY 與 B、Hib),兒童加 penicillin prophylaxis,終生對 fever 積極查。
  • Splenectomy 後 smear 上 spherocyte 仍在——療效看 Hb 與 reticulocyte。
  • Hereditary xerocytosis(PIEZO1)splenectomy 是 contraindication——會加重 thrombosis、pulmonary hypertension 與 splanchnic vein thrombosis。
  • SAO(band 3 deletion)多半 asymptomatic 且 malaria-resistant。
  • Pigment gallstone 常見——有症狀時可與 splenectomy 併刀。
  • Chronic hemolysis 每日補 folate;Hb 驟降 + retic 掉到近零 → parvovirus B19 aplastic crisis,2–4 週 self-limited。

相關條目:aiha、g6pd、prca、scd、thalassemia、pnh、infection-prophylaxis、lab-anemia-mcv

來源

Footnotes

  1. Shih YH, Huang YC, Lin CY, et al. A large family of hereditary spherocytosis and a rare case of hereditary elliptocytosis with a novel SPTA1 mutation underdiagnosed in Taiwan: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000032708 ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4 ↩5 ↩6

  2. Fattizzo B, Giannotta JA, Cecchi N, et al. Confounding factors in the diagnosis and clinical course of rare congenital hemolytic anemias. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021. doi:10.1186/s13023-021-02036-4 ↩ ↩2 ↩3

  3. Shirani Asl V, Tamaddon G. Red blood cell disorders in newborns: bridging traditional and modern diagnostics. Fetal and Pediatric Pathology 2025. doi:10.1080/15513815.2025.2503178 ↩ ↩2